Category: IP Addresses

The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 represents one of the most significant shifts in the history of networking. As the internet expanded beyond its original scope, the limitations of IPv4 became increasingly evident. Designed in the 1980s, IPv4 provides approximately 4.3 billion unique IP addresses, a number that, while seemingly vast at the time, has…

Email remains one of the most critical communication tools in the digital world, connecting individuals and organizations seamlessly. However, its widespread use also makes it a prime target for abuse, such as phishing, spoofing, and spam attacks. To combat these threats and ensure secure email delivery, a trio of protocols—SPF, DKIM, and DMARC—has been developed.…

DNS propagation is a process that occurs when changes are made to a domain’s DNS settings, such as updating its IP address or altering its name servers, and these changes must be distributed across the internet. While the process may sound straightforward, it often takes hours or even days to complete, leaving many users wondering…

The Domain Name System is the backbone of internet functionality, enabling the resolution of human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses. At the heart of DNS operations are DNS queries, which involve the process of requesting and retrieving information from DNS servers. These queries come in different types, each with its own characteristics and specific…

Domain aliases are a powerful tool for managing online presence, allowing multiple domain names to point to the same content or service. They are commonly used by businesses and individuals who want to ensure consistent branding, capture traffic from alternative domain names, or improve accessibility for users. When setting up domain aliases, two primary techniques…

Domain registration is a foundational process in establishing an online presence, enabling individuals and organizations to secure unique domain names that represent their brands, services, or personal identities. Every website, email address, or online service that uses a recognizable domain name relies on domain registration as its first step. Behind this process are domain registrars,…

Country-code top-level domains, or ccTLDs, are an essential part of the internet’s domain name system, representing specific countries, territories, or geographic regions. These two-letter domain extensions, such as .us for the United States, .de for Germany, and .jp for Japan, serve as identifiers that connect a domain to a particular nation or region. While they…

WHOIS is a critical tool in the domain name ecosystem, providing a way to retrieve information about the ownership and registration details of a domain. It serves as a public directory that connects users with key details about who owns a domain name, the registrar responsible for its management, and other important metadata. The system…

DNS round robin is one of the simplest and most commonly used techniques for distributing network traffic across multiple servers. By leveraging the inherent functionality of the Domain Name System, DNS round robin allows domain owners to associate multiple IP addresses with a single domain name. This approach provides a straightforward method of load distribution,…

The Domain Name System, or DNS, is a critical component of the internet, enabling users to navigate the web by resolving human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses. However, despite its foundational importance, the original DNS protocol was not designed with security in mind, leaving it vulnerable to various types of attacks. DNS Security Extensions,…