Category: Network Protocols

As service provider networks evolve to support increasingly dynamic and application-aware traffic patterns, traditional MPLS approaches have faced challenges in terms of flexibility, scalability, and programmability. To meet the demands of modern network services—including low-latency paths, SLA-aware routing, and agile service delivery—two key innovations have emerged: Elastic MPLS (eMPLS) and Flexible Algorithm (Flex-Algo) within the…

Tunneling protocols are essential components of modern IP networks, allowing data packets to traverse incompatible or segmented networks by encapsulating one protocol within another. Among the classic tunneling methods that have stood the test of time are Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), IP-in-IP, and Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). Each of these protocols was developed to…

As wireless connectivity has become ubiquitous, the security of public Wi-Fi networks has increasingly come under scrutiny. Open networks at airports, coffee shops, hotels, and other public venues are frequent targets for attackers because they typically lack encryption and allow unauthenticated access to the data traffic of connected users. Traditional wireless security mechanisms, such as…

In the realm of Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor networks, where devices are resource-constrained and often operate in challenging environments, efficient and adaptive communication protocols are essential. One of the foundational protocols developed for such conditions is RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks), standardized by the IETF in RFC 6550. RPL is…