Selecting the perfect domain name is one of the most crucial decisions for establishing an online presence. Whether for a business, personal brand, nonprofit organization, or creative project, the domain name serves as the digital gateway to your content. It embodies the first impression visitors have of your website, influences search engine rankings, and often…

The Domain Name System, commonly known as DNS, is a critical technology that underpins the modern internet, providing the infrastructure needed to connect users with the information they seek. To fully appreciate its role today, it is essential to explore the history of how DNS emerged, evolved, and became an indispensable part of the digital…

The Domain Name System, often referred to simply as DNS, is one of the most fundamental and indispensable technologies underlying the functionality of the internet. At its core, DNS is a decentralized naming system that translates human-readable domain names, such as example.com, into numerical IP addresses that computers and network devices use to identify and…

DNS timeouts are a common and frustrating issue that can disrupt internet connectivity and the accessibility of services. When users encounter a DNS timeout, it signifies that a DNS query sent by their device has failed to receive a response within the expected time frame. The root causes of these timeouts can be multifaceted, often…

Peering agreements are foundational to the operation of the internet, defining the terms under which networks exchange traffic. These agreements enable internet service providers (ISPs), content delivery networks (CDNs), cloud providers, and other entities to interconnect directly, facilitating efficient data exchange and ensuring seamless connectivity for end users. While peering often involves technical and operational…

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have become a persistent threat to internet infrastructure, targeting everything from small websites to critical services that power global communications. At their core, DDoS attacks overwhelm a target with excessive traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users. Mitigating these attacks requires a multifaceted approach that leverages both routing and…

Peering is a cornerstone of the internet’s architecture, allowing networks to exchange traffic directly and efficiently. Within this framework, two primary approaches to establishing peering relationships exist: multilateral peering and bilateral peering. Both models serve the same fundamental purpose of facilitating traffic exchange, but they differ significantly in their operational mechanics, scalability, and strategic implications.…

DNS propagation and routing convergence are two fundamental processes in the functioning of the internet, each governing critical aspects of how data is directed and accessed across networks. While they operate in different domains, they share similarities in their reliance on distributed systems and the need for synchronization. Understanding the distinctions and interplay between these…

DNS over HTTPS, or DoH, represents a significant evolution in the way DNS queries are handled, with profound implications for privacy, security, and internet routing. Traditionally, DNS queries and responses were transmitted in plaintext over UDP or TCP, making them vulnerable to eavesdropping, manipulation, and censorship. DoH addresses these vulnerabilities by encrypting DNS traffic using…

The integrity and security of internet operations rely heavily on both the Domain Name System and the underlying routing infrastructure. DNSSEC and routing security form two critical pillars in protecting these foundational components, addressing vulnerabilities that could be exploited to undermine the trust and functionality of the global internet. When combined, these two approaches provide…