Category: Network Protocols

The exhaustion of public IPv4 addresses has been a critical inflection point in the design of modern broadband and mobile networks. While IPv6 adoption has steadily increased, a complete transition remains elusive due to the persistence of legacy IPv4-only applications and endpoints. As a result, service providers face the challenge of delivering IPv4 connectivity over…

The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) represents a significant architectural evolution in the way networked systems establish trust and manage connectivity. Traditionally, IP addresses have served a dual role in networking: they are used both to identify a host and to locate it within the network topology. This coupling between identity and location has been foundational…

WebRTC DataChannels provide a peer-to-peer communication mechanism capable of transmitting arbitrary application data directly between browsers or devices with low latency, security, and congestion control. Unlike media streams in WebRTC, which are designed specifically for audio and video transmission using RTP, DataChannels are intended for general-purpose data exchange, supporting use cases such as multiplayer gaming,…

LoRa, short for Long Range, is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) physical layer technology designed for long-distance communication with minimal power consumption, making it highly suitable for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It is characterized by its use of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation, which provides robust communication in noisy or interfered environments, and…

The Aeronautical Telecommunications Network, or ATN, is a comprehensive framework established to facilitate global digital communication services for civil aviation. Designed and standardized by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), ATN aims to support the safe and efficient management of air traffic by providing seamless, interoperable communication between aircraft, air traffic control (ATC), airline operation…

The Distributed Network Protocol version 3 (DNP3) is a foundational communication protocol used extensively in electric utility supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It enables communication between control centers, substations, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), and remote terminal units (RTUs). DNP3 was designed for efficiency and reliability in harsh, latency-prone environments typical of utility infrastructure.…

The emergence of high-performance storage fabrics has fundamentally reshaped how data centers handle scalable, low-latency, and high-throughput I/O workloads. Two leading contenders in this evolving landscape are NVMe over TCP (NVMe-TCP) and iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER), both of which enable remote access to non-volatile memory express (NVMe) or block-level storage over IP networks. Each…

The evolution of web transport protocols has entered a new phase with the introduction of QUIC-based MASQUE tunnels, a technology designed to enhance HTTP proxying through the efficient multiplexing and privacy features of the QUIC transport layer. MASQUE, short for Multiplexed Application Substrate over QUIC Encryption, is a protocol suite developed by the IETF to…

Named Data Networking (NDN) represents a fundamental shift in the design philosophy of network protocols, transitioning from the traditional host-centric model of IP-based communication to a content-centric paradigm. In conventional IP networking, data is retrieved by establishing connections between hosts, relying on IP addresses to identify endpoints. This model presumes that the location of the…

IEEE 802.15.4E Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) is a fundamental enhancement to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard that brings deterministic scheduling and frequency diversity to low-power wireless mesh networks. Designed primarily for industrial and mission-critical applications, TSCH addresses the need for predictable, low-latency, and resilient communication in environments where radio interference, multipath fading, and energy constraints…