Category: Network Protocols

The Bundle Protocol version 7 (BPv7), standardized in RFC 9171 by the IRTF Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group, represents a sophisticated evolution of networking paradigms aimed at environments where conventional Internet protocols fail due to intermittent connectivity, high latency, or asymmetric bandwidth. Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) and BPv7 are designed specifically to support robust communication in challenged…

IEC 61850 is a comprehensive international standard developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission for communication networks and systems in substations and smart grids. Among its many components, two of the most critical message types defined in this standard are GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) and Sampled Values (SV). These message types are central to…

Remote Direct Memory Access over Converged Ethernet version 2 (RoCE v2) is a transport technology designed to deliver high-throughput, low-latency networking with minimal CPU overhead by allowing direct memory access between systems across standard Ethernet infrastructure. RoCE v2 extends the original RoCE protocol by encapsulating RDMA packets within UDP/IP, enabling routability across layer 3 networks,…

The Border Gateway Protocol Monitoring Protocol (BMP) and Streaming Telemetry are two pivotal innovations in the evolution of network observability, especially in large-scale environments where routing dynamics and real-time visibility into control plane operations are crucial. While BMP provides deep insight into the behavior of BGP, the de facto inter-domain routing protocol of the Internet,…

In the world of internet communication, protocols are the invisible scaffolding that supports everything from simple web browsing to complex real-time applications. For decades, the dominant transport protocol has been TCP, the Transmission Control Protocol, often accompanied by TLS, Transport Layer Security, to provide encryption and privacy. While this pairing has underpinned the internet’s growth…

As concerns about online privacy and security have intensified over the past decade, the once-overlooked Domain Name System (DNS) has become a central focus of efforts to shield user activity from surveillance and tampering. Traditionally, DNS queries were sent in plaintext, allowing intermediaries to observe, log, or even manipulate the domain lookups users made. This…

Within the confines of a single autonomous system, routing protocols serve the critical function of ensuring that data packets find the optimal path across a complex web of routers and subnets. Two dominant Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) used in enterprise and service provider networks today are OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and IS-IS (Intermediate System…

Securing access to a network at the edge has become increasingly vital as threats have grown more sophisticated and users more mobile. One of the foundational standards in wired and wireless network access control is IEEE 802.1X, a protocol that enforces authentication before granting a device access to the network infrastructure. It is particularly important…

In the rapidly evolving landscape of distributed computing, microservices have emerged as the architectural choice for building scalable, maintainable, and modular applications. As organizations break down monolithic applications into collections of loosely coupled services, the need for efficient communication between these services becomes paramount. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) systems serve as the backbone of this…

The ever-increasing demand for seamless connectivity, high availability, and fast data transfer on mobile devices has driven innovation in how network interfaces are utilized. Traditionally, a mobile device selects a single active network interface—either cellular (such as LTE) or Wi-Fi—for data transmission, even if multiple interfaces are available. This selection leads to a single-path TCP…