Category: Network Protocols

Robust Header Compression, or ROHC, is a protocol designed to reduce the overhead associated with IP packet headers in bandwidth-constrained and high-latency environments, particularly over cellular links. First standardized by the IETF in RFC 3095 and later expanded and refined in a series of subsequent RFCs, ROHC addresses a critical inefficiency in transmitting small payloads—such…

In large-scale, traffic-engineered networks, particularly those built on MPLS and Segment Routing technologies, the efficient computation and management of end-to-end paths through the network are critical for ensuring optimal resource utilization, service level agreement (SLA) compliance, and traffic isolation. As networks become more complex and dynamic, traditional distributed path computation mechanisms, such as those performed…

WebRTC, or Web Real-Time Communication, is a powerful suite of protocols and APIs that enables peer-to-peer audio, video, and data exchange directly between browsers and other endpoints without the need for plugins or third-party software. It has revolutionized the way real-time communication is delivered on the web, forming the backbone of many modern conferencing, gaming,…

In enterprise networks, controlling access to network infrastructure and resources is a foundational security requirement. Centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting—commonly known as AAA—provides a scalable mechanism to verify user credentials, enforce policies, and log user activities across distributed systems. Two of the most widely used protocols in AAA architectures are RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User…

Ethernet has long served as the foundational technology for local area networking due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and broad compatibility. However, as industries ranging from automotive and aerospace to manufacturing and utilities increasingly demand deterministic network behavior, traditional Ethernet’s best-effort delivery model falls short. Applications such as autonomous driving systems, industrial automation, real-time control systems,…

LoRaWAN, or Long Range Wide Area Network, is a low-power, wide-area networking protocol designed for the Internet of Things (IoT), where long-range communication and energy efficiency are paramount. Operating over unlicensed spectrum such as the 868 MHz band in Europe and 915 MHz band in North America, LoRaWAN enables battery-powered devices to wirelessly connect to…

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are essential tools for securing communication over untrusted networks, providing confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for data in transit. Among the various VPN technologies, IPsec has long held a dominant position due to its comprehensive security features and broad industry support. However, the emergence of WireGuard as a modern alternative has prompted…

YANG, short for Yet Another Next Generation, is a data modeling language used extensively in network configuration and state data management, particularly in conjunction with protocols such as NETCONF and RESTCONF. Standardized by the IETF in RFC 6020 and later refined in RFC 7950, YANG enables precise, structured representations of configuration and operational data for…

The publication of RFC 9000 in May 2021 marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of Internet transport protocols. QUIC, originally developed by Google, was standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a secure, multiplexed transport protocol built on top of UDP. It offers a modern alternative to TCP and TLS by integrating…

The rapid growth of digital multimedia over IP networks has driven the development of a suite of protocols designed specifically to facilitate real-time audio and video streaming. Among these, the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), the Real-time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), and the Real-time Control Protocol (RTCP) have emerged as foundational components of classic media streaming architectures.…